Document Id is a cool feature in SharePoint 2010. It has many uses that you you would not consider it using initally. However, with time you will find that it is a simple out of the box feature that has power. When you turn this feature on, SP will add a new column "Document Id" to all document libraries. SP will also display a new link [Document ID Settings] in Site Collection Admin section, which will be used to configure this feature. SP randomly generates a set of characters that it will use to prefix every document ID. You can change the document ID's initial characters.
Document Ids are not preseved when moving the document library from 1 enviornment to another.
If you don't like the algorithm associated with generating document id, you can extend the functionality using Visual Studio.
If you closely look at the URL associated with the Document Id, it is actually referring to an asp page and passing the ID as QS paramter. The page[DocIdRedir] is basically a router that is accepting an ID and redirecting to the location of the document.
http://sp2010dev01/_layouts/DocIdRedir.aspx?ID=RTTT-1-4
When you copy this document to another location, SP creates a new document id.
How do you turn on this feature?
You can turn on this feature by activating a Document Id Service via Site collection feature page. You could also do it via PowerShell.
What happens when you trun on this feature?
Document ID assignment job gets scheduled to be run 8 hrs from the moment the service has been turned on.
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